When men are arrived at the goal, they should not turn back. - Plutarch
Mercury was named by the Romans after the fleet-footed messenger of the gods because it seemed to move more quickly than any other planet. It is the closest planet to the Sun, and second smallest planet in the solar system. Its diameter is 40% smaller than Earth and 40% larger than the Moon. It is even smaller than Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan.
If an explorer were to step onto the surface of Mercury, he would discover a world resembling lunar terrain. Mercury's rolling, dust-covered hills have been eroded from the constant bombardment of meteorites. Fault-cliffs rise for several kilometers in height and extend for hundreds of kilometers. Craters dot the surface. The explorer would notice that the Sun appears two and a half times larger than on Earth; however, the sky is always black because Mercury has virtually no atmosphere to cause scattering of light. As the explorer gazes out into space, he might see two bright stars. One appearing as cream colored Venus and the other as blue colored Earth.
Until Mariner 10, little was known about Mercury because of the difficulty in observing it from Earth telescopes. At maximum elongation it is only 28 degrees from the Sun as seen from Earth. Because of this, it can only be viewed during daylight hours or just prior to sunrise or after sunset. When observed at dawn or dusk, Mercury is so low on the horizon that the light must pass through 10 times the amount of Earth's atmosphere than it would if Mercury was directly overhead.
During the 1880's, Giovanni Schiaparelli drew a sketch showing faint features on Mercury. He determined that Mercury must be tidally locked to the Sun, just as the Moon is tidally locked to Earth. In 1962, radio astronomers looked at radio emissions from Mercury and determined that the dark side was too warm to be tidally locked. It was expected to be much colder if it always faced away from the Sun. In 1965, Pettengill and Dyce determined Mercury's period of rotation to be 59 +- 5 days based upon radar observations. Later in 1971, Goldstein refined the rotation period to be 58.65 +- 0.25 days using radar observations. After close observation by the Mariner 10 spacecraft, the period was determined to be 58.646 +- 0.005 days.
Although Mercury is not tidally locked to the Sun, its rotational period is tidally coupled to its orbital period. Mercury rotates one and a half times during each orbit. Because of this 3:2 resonance, a day on Mercury (sun rise to sun rise) is 176 Earth days long as shown by the following diagram.
During Mercury's distant past, its period of rotation may have been faster. Scientists speculate that its rotation could have been as rapid as 8 hours, but over millions of years it was slowly despun by solar tides. A model of this process shows that such a despinning would take 109 years and would have raised the interior temperature by 100 degrees Kelvin.
Most of the scientific findings about Mercury comes from the Mariner 10 spacecraft which was launched on November 3, 1973. It flew past the planet on March 29, 1974 at a distance of 705 kilometers from the surface. On September 21, 1974 it flew past Mercury for the second time and on March 16, 1975 for the third time. During these visits, over 2,700 pictures were taken, covering 45% of Mercury's surface. Up until this time, scientists did not suspect that Mercury would have a magnetic field. They thought that because Mercury is small, its core would have solidified long ago. The presence of a magnetic field indicates that a planet has an iron core that is at least partially molten. Magnetic fields are generated from the rotation of a conductive molten core and is known as the dynamo effect.
Mariner 10 showed that Mercury has a magnetic field that is 1% as strong as Earth's. This magnet field is inclined 7 degrees to Mercury's axis of rotation and produces a magnetosphere around the planet. The source of the magnetic field is unknown. It might be produced from a partially molten iron core in the planet's interior. Another source of the field might be from remnant magnetization of iron-bearing rocks which were magnetized when the planet had a strong magnetic field during its younger years. As the planet cooled and solidified remnant magnetization was retained.
Even before Mariner 10, Mercury was known to have a high density. Its density is 5.44 g/cm3 which is comparable to Earth's 5.52g/cm3 density. In an uncompressed state, Mercury's density is 5.5 g/cm3 where Earth's is only 4.0 g/cm3. This high density indicates that the planet is 60 to 70 percent by weight metal, and 30 percent by weight silicate. This gives a core radius of 75% of the planet radius and a core volume of 42% of the planet's volume.
Mercury is marked with great curved cliffs or lobate scarps that were apparently formed as Mercury cooled and shrank a few kilometers in size. This shrinking produced a wrinkled crust with scarps kilometers high and hundreds of kilometers long.
The majority of Mercury's surface is covered by plains. Much of it is old and heavily cratered, but some of the plains are less heavily cratered. Scientists have classified these plains as intercrater plains and smooth plains. Intercrater plains are less saturated with craters and the craters are less than 15 kilometers in diameter. These plains were probably formed as lava flows buried the older terrain. The smooth plains are younger still with fewer craters. Smooth plains can be found around the Caloris basin. In some areas patches of smooth lava can be seen filling craters.
Mercury's history of formation is similar to that of Earth's. About 4.5 billion years ago the planets formed. This was a time of intense bombardment for the planets as they scooped up matter and debris left around from the nebula that formed them. Early during this formation, Mercury probably differentiated into a dense metallic core, and a silicate crust. After the intense bombardment period, lava flowed across the surface and covered the older crust. By this time much of the debris had been swept up and Mercury entered a lighter bombardment period. During this period the intercrater plains formed. Then Mercury cooled. Its core contracted which in turn broke the crust and produced the prominent lobate scarps. During the third stage, lava flooded the lowlands and produced the smooth plains. During the fourth stage micrometeorite bombardment created a dusty surface also known as regolith. A few larger meteorites impacted the surface and left bright rayed craters. Other than the occasional collisions of a meteorites, Mercury's surface is no longer active and remains the same as it has for millions of years.
Animations of Mercury |
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Views of Mercury |
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Incoming View of Mercury
This photomosaic of Mercury was constructed from photos taken by
Mariner 10 six hours before the spacecraft
flew past the planet on March 29, 1974.
These images were taken from a distance of 5,380,000
kilometers (3,340,000 miles).
(Courtesy USGS, and NASA)
Mercury
This two image (FDS 26850, 26856) mosaic of Mercury was constructed
from photos taken by Mariner 10 a few hours
before the spacecraft's closest and first encounter with the planet on
March 29, 1974.
(Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton)
Outgoing View of Mercury
This mosaic of Mercury was created from more than 140 images taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft
as it flew past the innermost planet on March 29, 1974. Mariner 10's trajectory brought the
spacecraft across the dark hemisphere of Mercury. The images were acquired after the spacecraft
exited Mercury's shadow.
(Courtesy Mark Robinson, Northwestern University)
Hills of Mercury
"Weird terrain" best describes this hilly, lineated region of
Mercury. This area is at the antipodal
point from the large Caloris basin. The shock wave produced by
the Caloris impact was reflected and focused to this antipodal point,
thus jumbling the crust and breaking it into a series of complex blocks.
The area covered is about 100 kilometers (62 miles) on a side.
(Image Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 27370)
Southwest Mercury
This image is a portion of the southwest quadrant of Mercury taken
March 29, 1974, by the Mariner 10
spacecraft. The picture was taken four hours before the time of closest
approach when Mariner was 198,000 kilometers (123,000 miles) from the
planet. The largest craters seen in this picture are about 100
kilometers (62 miles) in diameter.
(Image Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 27216, 27217, 27224, 27225)
Caloris Basin
This mosaic shows the Caloris Basin (located half-way in shadow on
the morning terminator). Caloris is Latin for heat and the basin
is named this because it is near the subsolar point (the point closest
to the sun) when Mercury is at aphelion.
Caloris basin is 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) in diameter and is the
largest know structure on Mercury. It was formed from an impact of a
projectile with asteroid dimensions. The interior floor of the basin
contains smooth plains but is highly ridged and fractured. North is
towards the top of this image.
(Credit Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 188-199)
Caloris Basin Floor
This image is a high resolution view of the Caloris Basin shown in the
previous image. It shows ridges and fractures that increase in size
towards the center of the basin (upper left).
(Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 126)
Bright Rayed Craters
This image shows two prominent craters (upper right) with bright halos
on Mercury. The craters are about 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter.
The halos and rays cover other features on the surface indicating that
they are some of the youngest on Mercury.
(Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 275)
Double Ring Basin
This image shows a double-ring basin which is 200 kilometers (120 miles)
in diameter. The floor contains smooth plains material. The inner ring
basin is at a lower elevation than the outer ring.
(Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 27301)
Large Faults on Mercury
This Mariner 10 image shows Santa Maria
Rupes, the sinuous dark feature
running through the crater at the center of this image. Many such features
were discovered in the Mariner images of Mercury and are interpreted to be
enormous thrust faults where part of the
mercurian crust was pushed slightly over an adjacent part by
compressional forces. The abundance and length of the thrust faults
indicate that the radius of Mercury decreased by 1-2 kilometers
(.6 - 1.2 miles) after the solidification and impact cratering of the
surface. This volume change probably was due to the cooling of the
planet, following the formation of a metallic core three-fourths the
size of the planet. North is towards the top and is 200 kilometers
(120 miles) across.
(© Copyright 1998 by Calvin J. Hamilton; FDS 27448)
Antoniadi Ridge
This is an image of a 450 kilometer (280 mile) ridge called Antoniadi.
It travels along the right edge of the image, and transects a large 80
kilometer (50 mile) crater about half way in between. It crosses smooth
plains to the north and intercrater plains to the south
[Strom et al., 1975].
(Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton)
References |
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Davies, M. E., S. E. Dwornik, D. E. Gault, and R. G. Strom. Atlas of Mercury. NASA SP-423. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.
Mariner 10 Preliminary Science Report. Science, 185:141-180, 1974.
Mariner 10 Imaging Science Final Report. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(17):2341-2514, 1975.
Strom, Robert G. et al. "Tectonism and Volcanism on Mercury." Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(17):2478-2507, 1975.
Trask, Newell J. and John E. Guest. "Preliminary Geologic Terrain Map of Mercury." Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(17):2461-2477, 1975.